SABRE Stun Gun. Using a high-amperage stun gun in the wrong way can cause permanent damage, so please use this electrical gun fairly for the personal defense only. The stun gun feature on a tactical flashlight model works by delivering a high-voltage, low-amperage shock to an attacker when the metal prongs make contact. An effective stun gun should deliver up to 4 milliamps. 2003. claira@lyngou. There are different levels of stun guns. The charge is designed to penetrate clothing and skin, but not to damage the body. Cattle Prod A cattle prod stun gun is the most powerful type, packing over 500,000 volts of power. Being hit with a stun gun can cause intense pain, muscle contractions, and disorientation, which may result in the attacker falling to the ground or losing control of their body as a result of the electric shock. Get yours today at when you first test fire a Barracuda Stun Gun, you will instantly know you have something entirely different in your hand. Most stun guns have a minimum of 1,000,000 volts, while others can go as high as tens of millions volts. However, it’s important to note that the actual effectiveness of a stun gun does not. 99. When the stun gun contacts the person’s body, it disrupts the electrical signals sent from the brain to the muscles, causing a loss of balance, pain, numbness and minor muscle control. 6mA average current (0. This may sound impressive, but the truth is that these numbers are misleading and physically impossible. Economically & Environmentally Friendly: The stun gun and flashlight are fully rechargeable and the light bulb has a life of up to 100,000 hours. MYTH #1 - High Voltage Stun Guns = More POWER!! This is probably the most prominent stun gun myth. 5 and 6. Read Mini-Review. A more accurate measure of a stun gun's effectiveness is its charge, which is described in microcoulombs (uC). Inside the article, you will discover that not all stun guns are equal and the strongest is the highest amperage and the objective of this device is only incapacitating the attacker. Myth #2. T93 High Energy Gear Accessories Device Resources Training; About Us. This version has Amata give you the stun. com. Sergeant Dennis Cribari said that they burn the body. Tactical SABRE With LED Flashlight. High voltage across your body necessitates high current, but the energy delivered is low because the time over which that voltage is applied is low. Stun Gun Voltage and Amperage. Value. Ninja Gear. A ________ refers to a device that uses a high-voltage, low-power electrical charge to induce involuntary muscle contractions that temporarily incapacitate a noncompliant subject or. The stun gun does not rely on pain for results. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Stun guns are designed to deliver high voltage (25 000–100 000 kV), low amperage (<4. If you're being attacked, you want the most non-lethal dose of current delivered to the muscles. 4. Runt stun guns are perfect for women of all ages, and of course for men as well. Electricity can NOT pass through a leather jacket for example and cause the attacker any pain. 9 milliamps. However, this high voltage shouldn't be confused with lethality. Any higher voltage. Some stun guns have high voltage but low charge, while for others, it is the opposite. However, most stun guns on the market are only 1 to 2 milliamps. It is the pain that gets delivered by the voltage. Highest Amperage Stun Gun - It's Not the Voltage | TBOTECH. The personal security door alarm kit emits a high sound level of 120 db. 5 A), short duration (≈20 microseconds), repetitive (5–20 pulses per second) shocks when in contact with the victim's skin. Operators must never double stun animals or use the stunning wand as a prod. If you are looking for a taser you can. 4. Frain organized a limited partnership and is the only general partner. Touching a person with the prongs of the device quickly immobilizes the attacker. High-voltage stun guns are considered the most effective self-defense tools due to their ability to incapacitate an attacker quickly. The best pink taser or stun gun is ZAP Stick Stun Gun, as it has several advantages: Affordable & easily portable as it is 6 inches long & 1 inch wide. The jolt stuns the target by causing an. Circuit diagram electric fence energizerStun taser electrique howstuffworks wiring Gun stun highest amperage schematic voltage tbotech amps volts betweenStun gun circuit diagram. The highest amperage stun gun is 2 Milliamps which is very powerful and more than enough to stop an attacker and incapacitate him after stunning him for 2-3. stun gun or some other source of high voltage, low amperage direct current electric shocks were used to treat actual or simulated venomous bites or stings. 5-4. e high voltage low amps). 0 amps. According to the National Institute of Justice, stun guns that emit 1 µC or more produce ‘unbearable pain’ (when used on most sober, emotionally stable people). 7 mAh. Contents [ show] 1. Stun guns in electronic terms are basically boost converters that allow voltage to boost to a very high voltage. TASER X26p Professional Series. That is why we focus on the amperage that you must have a high amperage device, Regardless of the voltage “pressure” The Bottom Line. The result is a loss of the person’s neuromuscular. The shock causes the attacker’s neurological system to malfunction, momentarily impairing their ability to move or maintain their equilibrium. Even when it has a mini structure, it provides high voltage and strong power to the attacker, which can keep them immobilized for the next few minutes. Deployed in stun guns, these circuits distribute a cycle of electricity to an intended target. They instantly command respect of anyone. They are fully legal in nearly 3 dozen states, which is one reason they have become a popular self defense alternative to things like pepper spray and mace. First, it works as a bright flashlight, which can be useful for lighting up dark areas. Item # SM-300C (Curved) Our Price $28. TIGER-ALPHA POLICE STUN GUN FLASHLIGHT. So if you are a wholesaler, or stun gun supplier and you are looking for the highest legal stun gun voltage that is durable, either big or pocket-sized, including highest amperage stun gun, you are in the right place. It's rated at 150,000 true ' out the prongs' volts, 17 watts, 4. J&L Self Defense Products. Stun guns don't produce enough amperage to cause permanent physical damage or death. Is it a…Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe. Super bright LED flashlight. Vipertek VTS-195 Stun Gun. Think of a taser like a pressure washer. Back to main. If you are looking for Dog repelling stun guns , I highly recommend you the STREETWISE™ BARBARIAN 19″ LED STUN GUN BATON 9M because of the following reasons:The Stun gun effects can vary based on time as more than 4 seconds can lead the attacker to be falling down and Falls can cause broken bones or head injuries. Rechargeable and Environmentally Friendly. Most stun guns will have at least 3 milliamps, and the highest amperage stun guns on the market usually have between 4. Runt stun guns are perfect for women of all ages, and of course for men as well. is available in a wide range of styles and designs perfect for business. Stun guns work by delivering a high-voltage, low-amperage electrical charge. This device has an amperage rating of 4. However, most stun guns on the market are only 1 to 2 milliamps. TASER Self-Defense Axon Law Enforcement. 442. The SLIDER features a quick charging mini-usb port and can be conveniently charged from most cell phone chargers. GLADIATOR SGGP800 - 550 MV Mini Police Stun Gun LED Flashlight (Pink) SKU: SGGL800Pink. urbansafetysolutions. You can check the best mini stun guns article to have a quick overview about in-pocket tools for self-defense. The shock feature is designed to incapacitate and create pain when used properly on an. Conducted energy devices, or stun guns, discharge a high-voltage, low-amperage jolt of electricity and can be used to temporarily immobilize a person. Highest amperage stun gunGun stun schematic power stungun transformer basic concept Diagram gun stun circuit schematic simple diy taser electronics electrical weapons circuits electric laser building stungun board voltage tazer robotStun gun schematics under repository-circuits -32281- : next. Buying a high-amperage stun gun like the shockwave that costs less than 30$ will be the best option in terms of effectiveness & affordability. 3–4 mA. Fact:Highest amperage stun gun. What is the highest volt taser? 30,000 is the maximum voltage that could jump across stun gun contacts spaced one centimeter apart. With this in mind, the highest amperage stun gun is considerably more powerful than the one with the highest voltage. This stun gun has incredible features to make sure self-defense is top-notch, whether you are a man or a woman. If you search other stun guns and check for amperage, it likely won't be noted, or you'll find ratings of 1. 5-4. Elcircuit circuit. 5-4. 5″ High endurance Ni-MH rechargeable battery. Taser Pulse Self-Defense Tool – (2) Cartridges, (1) Conductive Target, Black, Medium (39066) Optimized self-defense range: 15. Check Price. Stun guns designed to fire "electric bullets"Stun generator Circuit stun gun voltage transformer generator diyStun taser 400kv genset kapasitor. Where to aim a stun gun is an essential skill that any stun gun holder must learn to be aware of what makes an impact and what doesn’t! You need to aim your stun gun toward the naked skin of the body, especially the areas that have nerve endings. It stores a high potential. 5M. If you trigger a stun gun (the same idea as a taser, just doesn't fire the probes. A maximum stun gun volt average runs between one and two million volts. Diagram gun stun circuit schematic simple diy taser electronics electrical weapons circuits electric laser building stungun board voltage tazer robotCircuit gun stun diy diagram pcb circuits voltage electronic circuitdigest explanation choose board flashlight Multisim. Hand Weapons News Expandable Batons, SAW Dress, Keychain Weapons. POLICE MAGNUM Stun Gun. A self defense stun gun delivers an electric shock to an attacker. Which Stun Gun Is The Strongest, A question can by answered simply by measuring the amperage that can be produced by the stun gun, any stun gun has an output of 1. How much current is in a stun gun? An effective stun gun will have at least 3 milliamps, and the highest amperage stun guns on the market usually. A StrikeForce Flashlight Stun Gun is a device that combines two functions into one. 5-4. 1 amps (1/10th of an amp) is considered strong enough to be lethal. Once a Taser stun gun can be fired upon a perpetrator, the two darts comply with the person’s body. 5M. We recommends Top-Rated Stun Guns Deals You Can Buy Online for October 2023 on Amazon, As Tested by CherryPicks Editors and analyzed 204,014 customer reviews to Sports & Outdoors products. 95. On Sale. An effective stun gun will have at least 3 milliamps, and the highest amperage stun guns on the market usually have between 4. 01 Milliamps considered to be effective enough to stop an attacker. Taser gun using 555 icGun stun circuit diagram timer . When you press the stun gun against an attacker and hold the trigger, the charge passes into the. Using and making of stun gun is restricted in most of the countries. Rugged lightweight curved contoured rubber coated grip fits all size hands. When you press the stun gun against someone and hold the trigger, the charge passes into that person's body. A Taser stun gun carries two metal darts which might be connected to fine, threadlike wires. The Runt is a bestseller with dozens of five-star reviews, some even saying that the small device left a mark on an attacker through three layers of clothing. ← Client 2 Posted on February 13, 2021 by As you might guess, the higher the amps the more potential to incapacitate an attacker very quickly. Hitting the attacker with a high amperage stun gun for 3-4 seconds continuously will lead to severe injuries, that’s why I highly recommend to use this self-defense tool. A Built-In Rechargeable LED Flashlight (Excellent Feature) Convenient Size (6. Stun Gun: Meaning, Main Types & Characteristics. Step 1: Make a circuit. Bestex Compact Mini Thunder Stun Gun 100,000-Volts. It has 4. Stun guns work through light clothing only as the heavy clothes will be a barrier between the human body & the electrical current. While the voltage is high, the current or amperage delivered is low, usually below 3 milliamperes. TASER® STRIKELIGHT 2 RECHARGEABLE STUN GUN FLASHLIGHT. $9. För att sätta saker i perspektiv kommer en förstärkare att döda en person. Stun guns generate a high-voltage, low-amperage electrical charge. Taser guns, on the other hand, can deliver up to millions of volts. Since it has a fairly high voltage, the charge will pass through heavy clothing and skin. To put things into perspective, one amp will kill a person. The MultiGuard delivers super powered protection with cutting edge micro-technology. Ultra-Sharp Spike Electrodes: Helps penetrate through thick clothing. While you can dismiss these high voltage claims, pay attention to the amperage. TASER Strikelight. 5 milliamps. 0021 Amps). Stun gun is a non-lethal weapon that is designed to keep you secure and the same time will not cause any serious injuries to the other person. 5 or 2 amps. Recharge with the included charging cable, saving the expense and waste of batteries. Check Details. Actually, its electrical current. The devices develop more difficult to control, higher amperage (≤190 A) shocks when administered over an air gap or through thick. You really don’t need more than that, but 50,000 volts in the police grade taser ensures it will get through just about anything. IMPORTANT: remember that amperage, not voltage, matters when looking for a stun gun to purchase. This allows the. [4] Similar device is the tactical police shock pistol-baton LED 12M. Mourlan invested $20,000 in the part- nership and was admitted as a limited partner with the understanding that he would receive 10% of the profits. Comfortable carry in the hands of a man or a woman. Colors: $17. A debilitating high-voltage, low-amperage electric charge is immediately sent along the wires to the probes. Owning an effective stun gun will make your job very simple in defending yourself as the high-amperage will cause the needed pain, so you can survive easily. $999+ | Trusted by Law Enforcement. 95 ea. 5 and 4. When talking about these types of devices. 5 uC is enough to cause pain, and a charge of 1 uC is enough to cause the. "A stun gun is a legal electrical self-defense device that puts out a high voltage and low amperage shock. A taser works by operating at a high voltage and low amperage of about 3-4 milliamps. gr. ← Client 2 Posted on February 13, 2021 by As you might guess, the higher the amps the more potential to incapacitate an attacker very quickly. 5mA. Stun guns in electronic terms are basically boost converters that allow voltage to boost to a very high voltage. J&L Self Defense Products. The best mini Stun gun in the market overall is ZAP™ LIGHT MINI RECHARGEABLE STUN GUN FLASHLIGHT. Ultra-Sharp Spike Electrodes helps penetrate through thick clothing. 5A 1. Safety Switch: To prevent accidental discharge, the safety must be in the “stun” position and trigger. To put things into perspective, one amp will kill a person. We have taken. If you had very little water going over the edge, even with a large drop height it wouldn't kill you (i. However, to prevent any serious injury to a target, a police taser’s cartridge is only capable of low-amperage electric shock. 50,000-volt pulse. Using a high-amperage stun gun in the wrong way can cause permanent damage, so please use this electrical gun fairly for the personal defense only. Anything closer to 5 milliamps will make the device’s capacitor susceptible to burn out, and may. Are stun guns worth buying? Yes, stun guns are a worthwhile investment for personal safety. Police stun guns can typically deliver a voltage of 50,000 volts. Guard Dog Security Hornet – 6,000,000 volts. We recognize that amidst so many choices to buy High Amperage Stun Gun in the market, it can be perplexing and confusing to make the right pick. The most common is the low-level stun gun, which uses one to two milliamps. A stun gun might have high voltage to ensure the current passes through clothing, but it’s the amperage that incapacitates the target. Deadly Stopping power as it has an output of 1. 5 A in the secondary, it would have to be 25kA 25 k A in the. These Beasts have the penetrating power to go through thick clothing and deliver the devastating electric shock to your assailant - giving you time to get away! High stun gun voltage can be found in all our non-lethal weapons below giving you every advantage to fend off an attacker. Stun guns are an electrical self-defense device that puts out a high voltage and low amperage shock that causes pain and electrical disruption to an assailant. It would depend on where the barbs hit and how deep they went. Stun gun ignition stungun modified wiki spud being system use wire guns. Highest amperage stun gunGun stun schematic power stungun transformer basic concept Diagram gun stun circuit schematic simple diy taser electronics electrical weapons circuits electric laser building stungun board voltage tazer robotStun gun schematics under repository-circuits -32281- : next. The voltage varies depending on the model, but most are in the range of 50 to 500 volts. For maximum accessibility, the stun gun comes with a wrist strap and belt holster, making it easy to access the unit in high stress situations when seconds count. Wiring diagram simple stun gun circuit diagramStun circuit 3v winding Standard stun gunGun stun circuit 3v diagram simple. Generally, stun guns range from 0. Streetwise™ Lifeguard Mini Rechargeable Stun Gun 16. Normally the transformer circuit in a stun gun steps up the voltage at the cost of current but you want the opposite and to do so you would need a transformer that preforms that task. 9. " "If you use the gun for half a second, a painful jolt will startle the attacker. Extremely, perhaps even the smallest style of breathtaking gun actually has a voltage of approximately 1,200,000 and high amperage stun guns up to 50Ma. Bright LED with 16,500,000 volts of power all-in-one small package!The voltage and amperage of a stun gun or taser will determine how effective the device is at incapacitating an attacker. Stun Guns are designed to key into the nervous system. Check Out The Best Mini Stun Gun Article Stun guns use high-voltage electricity to stop an attacker by momentarily disabling muscle control. When you hit some one with the stun device the electrical charge makes a loop through the body. Stun guns use a combination of amperage (strength of the electricity) and voltage (the "pressure" behind the amperage) to affect a target. Stun Gun Taser Highest Amperage Stun Gun It S Not The Voltage Tbotech. 5-4. You want the highest amperage stun gun available. Stun guns use electrical current to cause pain over a 1-2” area; the TASER uses barbs to create a path over 12” for neuromuscular incapacitation and overrides control of muscles. Second, it can also function as a stun gun, which is a tool for self-defense. Items: 0Stun guns with a voltage 20 times stronger than police Tasers can be illegally imported into the UK with ease, a BBC investigation has found. Standard Stun Gun The circuitry includes multiple transformers, components that boost the voltage in the circuit, typically to between 20,000 and 150,000 volts, and reduce the amperage. It's not the voltage that hurts, it's a very specific waveform that interferes with motor control nerves. We concluded that the use of stun guns or other sources of high voltage, low amperage direct current electric shocks to treat venomous bites and stings is not supported by the literature. While it’s true that exposure to electricity can lead to serious organ damage and death, this is not true of stun guns. J&L Self Defense Products. Stun Master Multi-Guard rechargeable stun gun features: 80 million volts. 5µC and 1µC is enough to cause an adequate deterrent to most. The package comes with both pepper spray and a high-powered Cute Stun Gun. The TASER Pulse+ is the only proper TASER gun on our list. This is the highest amperage stun gun allowed by law as a less lethal weapon. While significantly more expensive, the Taser X2 is a professional, police-grade taser with formidable tactical capabilities. This personal pocket stun gun will bring an attacker to their knees. Highest amperage stun gun Playin' it safe Stun gun high voltage module autopsy & schematic. 6 metres away. Inferno - Stun Gun Flashlight with Rubber Handle and Holster Included. How Do They Work? A stun gun sends a high voltage, but low amperage charge. Static shock from walking on carpet and touching a grounded object does a hell of a lot more. A stun gun is an electrical self-defense device that uses high voltage to stop an attacker. We recognize that amidst so many choices to buy High Amperage Stun Gun in the market, it can be perplexing and confusing to make the right pick. It’s incredibly powerful with a voltage of 300 million, making it the strongest stun gun on this list. Compact stun gun size (5" long. Best stun gun. 5-4. One of our strongest stun guns is the Runt. Stun gun has colors options. Arc's on the entire shaft of stun baton Uses 2 9v Batt. Since the current in the secondary would. Starting from ONLY 20 US Dollars you can own your first non-lethal self defense tool. Unfortunately, the industry is unregulated. 5 milliamp models tend to be the most effective. 6. Hornet+ is equipped with a very bright LED flashlight that produce up to 120 lumens of light. We found the best TASER products for sale and best. 5/10. In simple terms, this means that the charge has a lot of pressure behind it, but not that much intensity. A good amperage gun will have at least 3 milliamps, and the highest amperage guns on the market usually have between 4. 5 and 5 amps is considered "deadly". Which stun gun has the most amps? If you’re looking for the highest amperage stun gun, one of our most popular stun guns is the Runt. Home; Contact Us; About Us; My Account; Blog;O-Mega Star Warrior Stun Gun Specifications: 150,000 volts 19"; 23" with wrist band. com: Categories highest amperage stun gun. 0036 Amps) The X26 output is 2. A stun gun, by my loose definition, is any hand-held battery-powered device that delivers electric shock and is intended for self-defense. Amperage makes the stun gum powerful against attackers! How Stun Guns Work. TASER X2. Stun guns don’t produce enough amperage to cause permanent physical damage or death. Since the current in the secondary would also have to be reduced by that factor, for the current to be 1. nce u opened it , u will see a circut board. Operating in this capacity ensures that the target receives a shock that essentially stuns the target for up to 15 minutes but leaves no lasting or permanent damage to the victim. Use a 40x of 10kV 15MΩ resistors in series, and on the last one you would get 10kV across it, you could then use another divider on the last resistor to get down to something meaningful like 1000V or 500V which could be measured by most scopes or DMM's. Thats more than enough amerage to overload the electrical impulses in the body. When talking about these types of devices. GLADIATOR SGGP800 - 550 MV Mini Police Stun Gun LED Flashlight (Pink) SKU: SGGL800Pink. 125 reviews. The said company has varieties of Stun guns for sale. #39. 9 milliamps. Guard Dog Security Stun Gun. When you press the stun gun against an attacker and hold the trigger, the charge passes into the. Stun Guns Stun guns generate a high-voltage, low-amperage electrical charge. Fact:Usually, a police taser is capable of deploying 50,000 volts of electric shock per cycle. Tasers are hand-held weapons that deliver a jolt of electricity through a pair of wires propelled by compressed air from up to 10. It delivers an electric shock aimed at temporarily disrupting muscle functions and/or inflicting pain without usually causing significant injury . The highest amperage stun gun is 2 Milliamps which is very powerful and more than enough to stop an attacker and incapacitate him after stunning him for 2-3 seconds. The attacker will suffer from unbearable pain, muscle spasms, total disorientation and in some cases the stun gun can cause serious injuries. The mini stun gun packs a punch with a true high volts at 10,000,000+ with a consistent max amperage allowed by law. So stun guns use a range of 2. A high-voltage, a low-amp stun gun will have a single, powerful shock, while a low-voltage, high-amp stun gun will have a longer but weaker shock. 16,5000,000. ) Tasers differ from standard stun guns. Any claimed voltage greater violates the laws of physics. 3–4 mA. Taser X26 by Mirza Miftahul Fadillah is licensed under CC Attribution. , tasers), use an electrical charge to cause pain or neuro-muscular interruption. 9 milliamps. Order Status. 29,000,000. The Cattle Prod is primarily to shock someone or some animal, as the case may be. From thousands of volts to millions. 75” x 7/8”. Also – more important then voltage is actually the amperage the stun gun produces. At 20cm apart a taser output voltage is approx 600v, not 50kV. The minimum amperage is 3 milliamps, but the highest amperage stun gun can have between 4. 6. It is the pain that gets delivered by the voltage. After knowing How Many Volts Are In A Stun Gun, here are a few tip to follow while trying to buy an effective stun gun: Avoid being scammed and buy a stun gun device that has a billion volts. It is designed to be carried with ease. When you stun an assailant, the high voltage allows a charge to pass through their skin and clothing. Stun guns use high voltage and low amperage to temporarily disable an attacker for several minutes. How Do Volts And Amps Affect The Effectiveness Of A Stun Gun? The combination of volts and amps determines the effectiveness of a stun gun. 0021 Amps). 6 metres away. 3- TASER® BOLT 2 SHOOTING ( Best Range ) 4- ZAP™ LIGHT RECHARGEABLE STUN GUN ( Best Stopping power) 5- ZAP™ LIGHT MINI. For instance, a lightning bolt has millions of volts, but the amperage is what makes it deadly. ⚡️ Buy high voltage stun guns at the lowest price in the United States. The voltage will generally range from. Diy stun gun circuit diagram on pcbCircuit alarm light sensitive diagram detector shadow stun gun timer circuits electronic electronics projects schematic sensor replacement gr next project Gun stun schematics taser schematic circuit diagram electronic ru electrical tesla coil weaponsStun wiring volts. This guide will help. This is the highest amperage stun gun allowed by law as a less lethal weapon. 5-4. Unless things were completely out of control (as. Key Takeaways: You will need to make a spark test to your stun gun device once a month, then you can determine the status of the weapon by seeing & hearing the spark while making sure that it has the normal lightening and sound to indicate that the device in its best condition. Made from machined, military-grade aluminum alloy. If they did, they'd likely be treated the same as firearms under the law. They are best used as a hidden weapon. It really took off when Field & Stream or Sports Afield published an article by some guy claiming its effectiveness. 95. We highly recommend the TEK-12 to anyone looking for a stun gun/flashlight all-in-one unit. Stun Master Stun Gun 300,000C Volts. Many people use the words “stun gun” and TASER interchangeably, but they are NOT interchangeable terms. Voltage also helps “jump. 9 milliamps. If you are looking for Dog repelling stun guns, I highly recommend you the STREETWISE™ BARBARIAN 19″ LED STUN GUN BATON 9M because of the following reasons: The Stun gun effects can vary based on time as more than 4 seconds can lead the attacker to be falling down and Falls can cause broken bones or head injuries. However, to prevent any serious injury to a target, a police taser’s cartridge is only capable of low-amperage electric shock. There are two main types of stun guns. Your Taser or stun gun must deliver less than 5mA to be considered a self-defense weapon. An effective stun gun should deliver up to 4 milliamps. "The fatal current". A Stun Gun is an electrical self-defense device that uses high voltage to stop an attacker. The Cattle Prod delivers from about 1,500 volts to 10,000 volts. ; More modern stun guns utilize two probes that are fired at the target, as well as a. 4.